Ethnic enclave formation and function: A study of Hmong refugees in the United States
Author(s):
Miyares, Ines Maria
Format:
Thesis
Degree granted:
Ph.D.
Publisher:
Ann Arbor : Arizona State University, 1994.
Pages:
179
Language:
English
Abstract:
This study examines the evolution of the Hmong ethnic geography in the United States and the role of Hmong enclaves as adaptational settlements for first-generation residents. The relationship between the federal resettlement program and subsequent volitional migration patterns were examined utilizing data provided by the Office of Refugee Resettlement and from the 1990 Census of Population and Housing. The analysis was conducted within a proposed conceptual framework which explains site selection for the formation of ethnic enclaves. The framework posits that enclaves will form where active sponsors, community-based organizations, and the host community at-large work in concert to facilitate the adjustment of early primary refugees. Through kin communication networks, these refugees initiate a form of chain migration resulting in enclave formation. The refugee experience resulted in significant changes in Hmong culture. Changes in ethnolinguistic, economic, sociopolitical, and ideological components of culture were explored through interviews, participant-observation, and field observations in San Joaquin Valley Hmong communities. Heterogeneity within enclaves was explained by two key factors: where residents were socialized and whether residents had received a formal education. Enclave residence did not inhibit culture change. Instead, the enclave provided a transitional community facilitating adjustment to American host culture.