Perceptions of Ethnic Minorities on Tree Growing for Environmental Services in Thailand
Author(s):
Hares, M.
Editor(s):
Snelder, D. J.; Lasco, R. D.
Format:
Book
Publisher:
Dordrecht : Springer, 2008.
Language:
English
Abstract:
The aim of this chapter is to shed light on how local people view the role of trees in environmental conservation and how this is reflected in forest management practices at the community level. The discussion is based on a study was undertaken among three ethnic minorities (Karen, Hmong and Lawa) in Thailand's northern forested uplands. The results indicated that trees and forests were regarded as essential for environmental services, and the products and services the surrounding forest provided were considered fundamental for upland people. All three groups' traditions included elements of conservation, although more strongly reflected in Karen and Lawa culture. The villagers regarded reforestation as a tool for forest conservation, but government reforestation projects also faced disincentives related to the tree species planted, insufficient economic benefits and competition for land. Government and NGO projects also encouraged the growing of trees on farms, and farmers themselves experimented with new tree crops, particularly fruit trees, and with farming systems by their own initiative. Means to intensify land use were necessary due to increasing pressures on land resources, and alternatives to slash-and-burn cultivation methods were sought. However, lack of resources, small farm sizes and insecure land rights posed constraints on adoption of agroforestry. Development of participatory approaches in reforestation, agroforestry projects and improved political and legal foundations for community forestry are necessary for sustainable management systems but also to ensure future environmental benefits.